diff --git a/content/3.defense-systems/brex.md b/content/3.defense-systems/brex.md index 03ba456f9a740655cbecf61af13b22f43e3dfdef..255e8c7fe03295c8ba71002f67dfa972ef288aaa 100644 --- a/content/3.defense-systems/brex.md +++ b/content/3.defense-systems/brex.md @@ -10,6 +10,8 @@ tableColumns: Activator: Unknown Effector: Unknown PFAM: PF00069, PF00176, PF00270, PF00271, PF01507, PF01555, PF02384, PF04851, PF07669, PF07714, PF08378, PF08665, PF08747, PF08849, PF10923, PF13337, PF16565 +contributors: + - Marian Dominguez-Mirazo relevantAbstracts: - doi: 10.1093/nar/gkaa290 - doi: 10.1093/nar/gky1125 @@ -20,30 +22,30 @@ relevantAbstracts: ## Description -BREX (for Bacteriophage Exclusion) is a family of anti-phage defense systems. BREX systems are active against both lytic and lysogenic phages. They allow phage adsorption but block phage DNA replication, and are considered to be [RM](/defense-systems/rm)-like systems (1,2). BREX systems are found in around 10% of sequenced microbial genomes (1). +BREX (for Bacteriophage Exclusion) is a family of anti-phage defense systems. BREX systems are active against both lytic and lysogenic phages. They allow phage adsorption but block phage DNA replication, and are considered to be [RM](/defense-systems/rm)-like systems :ref{doi=10.15252/embj.201489455,10.1093/nar/gkaa290}. BREX systems are found in around 10% of sequenced microbial genomes :ref{doi=10.15252/embj.201489455}. -BREX systems can be divided into six subtypes, and are encoded by 4 to 8 genes, some of these genes being mandatory while others are subtype-specific (1). +BREX systems can be divided into six subtypes, and are encoded by 4 to 8 genes, some of these genes being mandatory while others are subtype-specific :ref{doi=10.15252/embj.201489455}. ## Molecular mechanism -*B. cereus* BREX Type 1 system was reported to methylate target motifs in the bacterial genome (1). The methylation activity of this system has been hypothesized to allow for self from non-self discrimination, as it is the case for Restriction-Modification ([RM)](/defense-systems/rm) systems. +*B. cereus* BREX Type 1 system was reported to methylate target motifs in the bacterial genome :ref{doi=10.15252/embj.201489455}. The methylation activity of this system has been hypothesized to allow for self from non-self discrimination, as it is the case for Restriction-Modification ([RM)](/defense-systems/rm) systems. -However, the mechanism through which BREX Type 1 systems defend against phages is distinct from RM systems, and does not seem to degrade phage nucleic acids (1). +However, the mechanism through which BREX Type 1 systems defend against phages is distinct from RM systems, and does not seem to degrade phage nucleic acids :ref{doi=10.15252/embj.201489455}. To date, BREX molecular mechanism remains to be described. ## Example of genomic structure -The BREX system have been describe in a total of 6 subsystems. +There are 6 subsystems described for the BREX system. -BREX systems necessarily include the pglZ gene (encoding for a putative alkaline phosphatase), which is accompanied by either brxC or pglY. These two genes share only a distant homology but have been hypothesized to fulfill the same function among the different BREX subtypes (1). +BREX systems necessarily include the pglZ gene (encoding for a putative alkaline phosphatase), which is accompanied by either brxC or pglY. These two genes share only a distant homology but have been hypothesized to fulfill the same function among the different BREX subtypes :ref{doi=10.15252/embj.201489455}. -Goldfarb and colleagues reported a 6-gene cassette from *Bacillus cereus* as being the model for BREX Type 1. BREX Type 1 are the most widespread BREX systems, and present two core genes (pglZ and brxC).  Four other genes  are associated with BREX Type 1 : *pglX (*encoding for a putative methyltransferase),  *brxA (*encoding an RNA-binding anti-termination protein)*, brxB (*unknown functio*n), brxC (*encoding for a protein with ATP-binding domain) and *brxL* (encoding for a putative protease) (1,2). +Goldfarb and colleagues reported a 6-gene cassette from *Bacillus cereus* as being the model for BREX Type 1. BREX Type 1 are the most widespread BREX systems, and present two core genes (pglZ and brxC).  Four other genes  are associated with BREX Type 1 : *pglX (*encoding for a putative methyltransferase),  *brxA (*encoding an RNA-binding anti-termination protein)*, brxB (*unknown functio*n), brxC (*encoding for a protein with ATP-binding domain) and *brxL* (encoding for a putative protease) :ref{doi=10.15252/embj.201489455,10.1093/nar/gkaa290}. -Type 2 BREX systems include the system formerly known as Pgl , which is comprised of four genes  (pglW, X, Y, and Z) (3), to which Goldfarb and colleagues found often associated two additional genes (brxD, and brxHI). +Type 2 BREX systems include the system formerly known as Pgl, which is comprised of four genes (pglW, X, Y, and Z) :ref{doi=10.1093/nar/gky1125}, to which :ref{doi=10.15252/embj.201489455} found often associated two additional genes (brxD, and brxHI). -Although 4 additional BREX subtypes have been proposed, BREX Type 1 and Type 2 remain the only ones to be experimentally validated. A detailed description of the other subtypes can be found in Goldfarb *et al*., 2015. +Although 4 additional BREX subtypes have been proposed, BREX Type 1 and Type 2 remain the only ones to be experimentally validated. A detailed description of the other subtypes can be found in :ref{doi=10.15252/embj.201489455}. Here is some example found in the RefSeq database: