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The Zorya defense system was discovered in 2018 :ref{doi=10.1126/science.aar4120} among other systems.
The Zorya defense system is composed of two proteins ZorA and ZorB in all the subtypes with different other proteins (ZorC + ZorD type I, ZorE type II or ZorF + ZorG type III).
All subtypes of Zorya are composed of at least two proteins named ZorA and ZorB. In certain subtypes, additional proteins can be involved in the system (ZorC and ZorD in type I Zorya, ZorE in type II, or ZorF and ZorG type III).
## Molecular mechanism
For Zorya type I:
The molecular mechanism of type I Zoya was recently described :ref{doi=10.1101/2023.12.18.572097}. ZorA and ZorB were shown to form a transmembrane heteromer with 5:2 (ZorA:ZorB) stoechiometry. The protein complex acts as a peptidoglycan-binding rotary motor. The structure shows that the 5 ZorA proteins form a long tail inside the cytoplasm. Part of this tail has amino acid homology with the core signaling unit of the bacterial chemosensory array suggesting that the ZorA tail is responsible for the activation of ZorC and ZorD :ref{doi=10.1016/j.sbi.2023.102565}.
ZorA and ZorB form a transmembrane heteromer 5:2 (A:B) acting as a peptidoglycan-binding rotary motor :ref{doi=10.1101/2023.12.18.572097}. The structure shows that the 5 ZorA proteins form a long tail inside the cytoplasm. Part of this tail has amino acid homology with the core signaling unit of the bacterial chemosensory array :ref{doi=10.1016/j.sbi.2023.102565} suggesting that the ZorA tail is responsible for the activation of ZorC and ZorD.
On the other hand, ZorC and ZorD interact with DNA :ref{doi=10.1101/2023.12.18.572097} and ZorD acts as an ATP-dependent nuclease.
On the other hand, ZorC and ZorD interact with DNA :ref{doi=10.1101/2023.12.18.572097} and ZorD acts as a ATP-dependent nuclease.
With all those results :ref{doi=10.1101/2023.12.18.572097}, the suggested mechanism is:
- Detection of the phage infection by the ZorAB complex (depressed cell wall or inner membrane curvature)
With all those results, the mechanism suggested by the authors is :ref{doi=10.1101/2023.12.18.572097}:
- Detection of the phage infection by the ZorAB complex (sensing either cell wall depression or inner membrane curvature)
- Signal transduction from ZorA tail to ZorC and ZorD
- DNA binding by ZorC/D and DNA cleavage by ZorD close to the injection site.